<p><strong><u>The Grey Areas in KCSE English Paper one (101/ 1): The Making of an A in English.</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u>Series Two</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u>SOUND PATTERNS</u></strong></p>
<p><strong>THE SOUND PATTERNS IN PAPER 1 ARE:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Onomatopoeia</strong></li>
<li><strong>Idiophones</strong></li>
<li><strong>Alliteration</strong></li>
<li><strong>Assonance</strong></li>
<li><strong>Consonance</strong></li>
<li><strong>Rhyme</strong></li>
</ol>
<p><strong><u>Example</u></strong></p>
<p><strong>THE GOLDFISH</strong></p>
<p><strong>The gaping goldfish in his bowl</strong></p>
<p><strong>I’m sure is happy on the whole:</strong></p>
<p><strong>He has that silly vacant look.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Because he has never read a book.</strong></p>
<p><strong>The rhyme scheme in this poem is regular. It is aabb. Rhyme creates rhythm/enhances musicality.</strong></p>
<p><strong>There is Alliteration in the first line. “The <u>g</u>apping <u>g</u>old fish” Always underline the sound alliterated.</strong></p>
<p><strong>In alliteration, it is the sound that matters-not the letter.</strong></p>
<p><strong> <u> Th</u>ese <u>th</u>ings are tough.</strong></p>
<p><strong>There is no alliteration in this line. The letters ‘th’ in ‘These’ and ‘th’ in ‘things’ represent different sounds.</strong></p>
<p><strong> <u>Th</u>ings are <u>th</u>orough.</strong></p>
<p><strong>The letters ‘th’ represent the same sound. This is Alliteration.</strong></p>
<p><strong> The <u>c</u>ook <u>k</u>illed a fly</strong></p>
<p><strong>Letter ‘c’ and ‘k’ represent the same sound. This is Alliteration.</strong></p>
<p><strong> The <u>c</u>ock in the<u> centre</u> is mine.</strong></p>
<p><strong>There is no alliteration in this line ‘c’ in ‘cock’ and ‘c’ in ‘centre’ do not represent the same sound</strong></p>
<p><strong>Consonant letters can represent assonance.</strong></p>
<p><strong> M<u>y</u> r<u>i</u>ght st<u>y</u>le.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Letter ‘y’ represents sound /ai/. This line has assonance.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Idiophone and Onomatopoeia should not be confused. Examples of idiophones are ‘pata’, ‘ku’, ‘ko ko’. These are actual sounds.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Onomatopoeia, on the other hand, are words that imitate the actual sounds. Words like ‘hiss ‘, ‘buzz’, ‘moo’, whistle’ among others.</strong></p>
<p><strong><u>Preparation for performance</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u>Speech</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Research on the topic</strong></li>
<li><strong>Research on the target audience</strong></li>
<li><strong>Visit the venue early</strong></li>
<li><strong>Consult the experts</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong><u>To manage stage fright</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Take a deep breath</strong></li>
<li><strong>Take a sip of water </strong></li>
<li><strong>Psyche yourself “yes I can”</strong></li>
<li><strong>One may say a silent prayer </strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><u>To attract the attention of the audience</u>:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>clear the throat</strong></li>
<li><strong>Start with a riddle, proverb, tongue twister or anecdote.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Greetings</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hit a drum appropriately to get the attention.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong> <u>To sustain their attention</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Maintain eye contact</strong></li>
<li><strong>Take an appropriate upright position on stage.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Vary the tone appropriately</strong></li>
<li><strong>Make use of gestures and body movements meaningfully.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Be audible </strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><u>The audience can benefit fully by:</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Maintaining meaningful eye contact</strong></li>
<li><strong>Appropriate sitting posture-sitting upright</strong></li>
<li><strong>Taking notes</strong></li>
<li><strong>Avoiding distractions</strong></li>
<li><strong>Avoid daydreaming and such behaviour.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><u>The audience can be restless if:</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>The speech is too long</strong></li>
<li><strong>The topic is sensitive</strong></li>
<li><strong>The speaker is out of topic</strong></li>
<li><strong>The speaker is using difficult words</strong></li>
<li><strong>The room may be hot, stuffy or poorly ventilated</strong></li>
<li><strong>The audience could be hungry</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><u>SONG/POEM/NARRATIVE.</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u>PREPARATION</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Have mock presentation</strong></li>
<li><strong>Research on the target audience</strong></li>
<li><strong>Look for appropriate props and costumes</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><u>PERFORMANCE</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u>Getting the attention of the audience.</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Greet them</strong></li>
<li><strong>Clap your hands</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ring a bell</strong></li>
<li><strong>Ask relevant question</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><u>TO SUSTAIN ATTENTION</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Use body movement- be specific. What type of body movement and where it applies to the narrative or poem.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Maintain eye contact</strong></li>
<li><strong>Involve the audience. The audience can be involved by letting them join in the performance/chorus</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong><u>Interviews</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u>Preparation</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Put all your documents in order</strong></li>
<li><strong>Get more information on the firm/company/institution</strong></li>
<li><strong>Have a mock interview</strong></li>
<li><strong>Groom yourself</strong></li>
<li><strong>Dress decently</strong></li>
<li><strong>Arrive early</strong></li>
<li><strong>Seek advice from experts on interviews.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><u>PERFORMANCE/DURING THE INTERVIEW</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Do not come in without knocking</strong></li>
<li><strong>Switch off your mobile phone</strong></li>
<li><strong>Do not sit unless asked to</strong></li>
<li><strong>Answer questions as asked</strong></li>
<li><strong>Maintain appropriate/meaningful eye contact</strong></li>
<li><strong>Do not fidget in your seat</strong></li>
<li><strong>Do not interrupt</strong></li>
<li><strong>Be honest</strong></li>
<li><strong>Thank the interviewer</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><u>NEGOTIATION</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Begin with greetings-to strike rapport</strong></li>
<li><strong>Use tact-say the commodity is inferior</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong> -the seller may overpraise the commodity</strong></p>
<p><strong> 3) </strong></p>
<p><strong>Empathy-sympathy</strong></p>
<p><strong> 4) Be courteous</strong></p>
<p><strong> 5) Sensitive and patient.</strong></p>
<p><strong><u>Good negotiations should have:</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>A win-win. Everyone is satisfied</strong></li>
<li><strong>End with goodwill</strong></li>
<li><strong>End as friends</strong></li>
<li><strong>flexibility</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><u>DIALOGUE</u></strong></p>
<p><strong>Good dialogues should have the following:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Politeness-please, kindly, may I</strong></li>
<li><strong>Turn-taking</strong></li>
<li><strong>Interrupt politely-allow me to differ</strong></li>
<li><strong>Sensitive</strong></li>
<li><strong>Invite politely for one to contribute</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><u>Question</u></strong></p>
<p><strong><u>Fill in the dialogue</u></strong></p>
<p><strong>JACK: Good morning. Did you see the new bus?</strong></p>
<p><strong>PETER:…………………………………………………………………</strong></p>
<p><strong>JACK: Gorgeous? The bus is ugly.</strong></p>
<p><strong>PETER:……………………………………………………………….</strong></p>
<p><strong>JACK: I can’t be jealous.</strong></p>
<p><strong><u>Hints.</u></strong></p>
<p><strong>Read through the dialogue <u>three</u> times before you start filling in. What you fill in should be logical.</strong></p>
<p><strong>JACK: Good morning. Did you see the new bus?</strong></p>
<p><strong>PETER: Good morning. It was gorgeous. I saw it.</strong></p>
<p><strong>JACK: Gorgeous? The bus is ugly.</strong></p>
<p><strong>PETER: You are just being jealous.</strong></p>
<p><strong>JACK: I can’t be jealous.</strong></p>
<p><strong><u>Note:</u> Contracted forms are accepted in such dialogues.</strong></p>
<p><strong><u>ELEMENTS OF SPEECH</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Hierarchy</strong></li>
<li><strong>Greetings</strong></li>
<li><strong>Introduction</strong></li>
<li><strong>Body</strong></li>
<li><strong>Conclusion</strong></li>
<li><strong>Thanks</strong></li>
<li><strong>Wish them all</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong><u>Giving directions</u></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Use simple precise language</strong></li>
<li><strong>Use compass points-to the East, South</strong></li>
<li><strong>Use left/right</strong></li>
<li><strong>Use landmarks</strong></li>
<li><strong>Estimate distances</strong></li>
<li><strong>Estimate time</strong></li>
<li><strong>Do not give alternatives for they are confusing.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>;</strong></p>

